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World's Greatest Money Maker Warren Buffett
World's Greatest Money Maker Warren Buffett
Basics of Financial Markets
What is Investment?
The money you earn is partly spent and the rest saved for meetingfuture expenses. Instead of keeping the savings idle you may like
to use savings in order to get return on it in the future. This is called
Investment.
Why should one invest?
One needs to invest to:
a. Earn return on your idle resources
b. Generate a specified sum of money for a specific goal in life
c. Make a provision for an uncertain future
One of the important reasons why one needs to invest wisely is to
meet the cost of Inflation. Inflation is the rate at which the cost of
living increases. The cost of living is simply what it costs to buy the
goods and services you need to live. Inflation causes money to lose
value because it will not buy the same amount of a good or a service
in the future as it does now or did in the past. For example, if there
was a 6% inflation rate for the next 20 years, a Rs. 100 purchase
today would cost Rs. 321 in 20 years. This is why it is important to
consider inflation as a factor in any long-term investment strategy.
Remember to look at an investment’s ‘real’ rate of return, which is
the return after inflation. The aim of investments should be to provide
a return above the inflation rate to ensure that the investment does not
decrease in value. For example, if the annual inflation rate is 6%, then
the investment will need to earn more than 6% to ensure it increases
in value. If the after-tax return on your investment is less than the
inflation rate, then your assets have actually decreased in value; that
is, they won’t buy as much today as they did last year.
When to start Investing?
The sooner one starts investing the better. By investing early you
allow your investments more time to grow, whereby the concept
of compounding (as we shall see later) increases your income, by
acumulating the principal and the interest or dividend earned on it,
year after year. The three golden rules for all investors are:
Invest early
Invest regularly
Invest for long term and not short term
What care should one take while investing?
Before making any investment, one must ensure to:
1. obtain written documents explaining the investment
2. read and understand such documents
3. verify the legitimacy of the investment
4. fi nd out the costs and benefits associated with the investment
5. assess the risk-return profile of the investment
6. know the liquidity and safety aspects of the investment
7. ascertain if it is appropriate for your specific goals
8. compare these details with other investment opportunities
available
9. examine if it fi ts in with other investments you are considering or
you have already made
10. deal only through an authorised intermediary
11. seek all clarifi cations about the intermediary and the investment
12. explore the options available to you if something were to go
wrong, and then, if satisfied, make the investment.
These are called the Twelve Important Steps to Investing.
What is meant by Interest?
When we borrow money, we are expected to pay for using it – this
is known as Interest. Interest is an amount charged to the borrower
for the privilege of using the lender’s money. Interest is usually
calculated as a percentage of the principal balance (the amount of
money borrowed). The percentage rate may be fi xed for the life of the
loan, or it may be variable, depending on the terms of the loan.
What factors determine interest rates?
When we talk of interest rates, there are different types of interest
rates - rates that banks offer to their depositors, rates that they lend
to their borrowers, the rate at which the Government borrows in
the Bond/Government Securities market, rates offered to investors
in small savings schemes like NSC, PPF, rates at which companies
issue fixed deposits etc.
The factors which govern these interest rates are mostly economy
related and are commonly referred to as macroeconomic factors.
Some of these factors are:
- Demand for money
- Level of Government borrowings
- Supply of money
- Inflation rate
determine some of the variables mentioned above
What are various options available for investment?
One may invest in:
Physical assets like real estate, gold/jewellery, commodities etc.
and/or
Financial assets such as fixed deposits with banks,
Small savinginstruments with post offices,
Insurance/provident/pension fund etc.
or
Securities market related instruments like shares, bonds, debentures etc.
What are various Short-term financial options
available for investment?
Broadly speaking, savings bank account, money market/liquid funds
and fixed deposits with banks may be considered as short-term
financial investment options:
Savings Bank Account is often the first banking product people use,
which offers low interest (4%-5% p.a.), making them only marginally
better than fixed deposits.
Money Market or Liquid Funds are a specialized form of mutual
funds that invest in extremely short-term fixed income instruments
and thereby provide easy liquidity. Unlike most mutual funds, money
market funds are primarily oriented towards protecting your capital
and then, aim to maximise returns. Money market funds usually
yield better returns than savings accounts, but lower than bank fi xed
deposits.
Fixed Deposits with Banks are also referred to as term deposits and
minimum investment period for bank FDs is 30 days. Fixed Deposits
with banks are for investors with low risk appetite, and may be
considered for 6-12 months investment period as normally interest on
less than 6 months bank FDs is likely to be lower than money market
fund returns.
What are various Long-term financial options
available for investment?
Post Office Savings Schemes,
Public Provident Fund,
CompanyFixed Deposits,
Bonds and Debentures,
Mutual Funds etc.
Post Office Savings: Post Office Monthly Income Scheme is a
low risk saving instrument, which can be availed through any post
office. It provides an interest rate of 8% per annum, which is paid
monthly. Minimum amount, which can be invested, is Rs. 1,000/-
and additional investment in multiples of 1,000/-. Maximum amount
is Rs. 3,00,000/- (if Single) or Rs. 6,00,000/- (if held Jointly) during
a year. It has a maturity period of 6 years. A bonus of 10% is paid atthe
time of maturity. Premature withdrawal is permitted if deposit is
more than one year old. A deduction of 5% is levied from the principal
amount if withdrawn prematurely; the 10% bonus is also denied.
Public Provident Fund: A long term savings instrument with
a maturity of 15 years and interest payable at 8% per Annum
compounded annually. A PPF account can be opened through a
nationalized bank at anytime during the year and is open all through
the year for depositing money. Tax benefi ts can be availed for the
amount invested and interest accrued is tax-free. A withdrawal is
permissible every year from the seventh fi nancial year of the date of
opening of the account and the amount of withdrawal will be limited
to 50% of the balance at credit at the end of the 4th year immediately
preceding the year in which the amount is withdrawn or at the end of
the preceding year whichever is lower the amount of loan if any.
Company Fixed Deposits: These are short-term (six months) to
medium-term (three to five years) borrowings by companies at a
fi xed rate of interest which is payable monthly, quarterly, semi10
annually or annually. They can also be cumulative fixed deposits
where the entire principal along with the interest is paid at the end of
the loan period. The rate of interest varies between 6-9% per annum
for company FDs. The interest received is after deduction of taxes.
Bonds: It is a fixed income (debt) instrument issued for a period of
more than one year with the purpose of raising capital. The central or
state government, corporations and similar institutions sell bonds. A
bond is generally a promise to repay the principal along with a fi xed
rate of interest on a specified date, called the Maturity Date.
Mutual Funds: These are funds operated by an investment company
which raises money from the public and invests in a group of assets
(shares, debentures etc.), in accordance with a stated set of objectives.
It is a substitute for those who are unable to invest directly in equities
or debt because of resource, time or knowledge constraints. Benefits
include professional money management, buying in small amountsand
diversifi cation.Mutual fund units are issued and redeemed by
the Fund Management Company based on the fund’s net asset value
(NAV), which is determined at the end of each trading session. NAV
is calculated as the value of all the shares held by the fund, minus
expenses, divided by the number of units issued. Mutual Funds are
usually long term investment vehicle though there some categories
of mutual funds, such as money market mutual funds which are short
term instruments.
What is meant by a Stock Exchange?
The Securities Contract (Regulation) Act, 1956 [SCRA] defines
‘Stock Exchange’ as any body of individuals, whether incorporated
or not, constituted for the purpose of assisting, regulating or
controlling the business of buying, selling or dealing in securities.
Stock exchange could be a regional stock exchange whose area of
operation/jurisdiction is specifi ed at the time of its recognition or
national exchanges, which are permitted to have nationwide trading
since inception. NSE was incorporated as a national stock exchange.
What is an ‘Equity’/Share?
Total equity capital of a company is divided into equal units of small
denominations, each called a share. For example, in a company the
total equity capital of Rs 2,00,00,000 is divided into 20,00,000 units
of Rs 10 each. Each such unit of Rs 10 is called a Share. Thus, the
company then is 11 said to have 20,00,000 equity shares of Rs 10
each. The holders of such shares are members of the company and
have voting rights.
What is a ‘Debt Instrument’?
Debt instrument represents a contract whereby one party lends
money to another on pre-determined terms with regards to rate and
periodicity of interest, repayment of principal amount by the borrower
to the lender. In the Indian securities markets, the term ‘bond’ is used
for debt instruments issued by the Central and State governments
and public sector organizations and the term ‘debenture’ is used for
What is a Derivative?
Derivative is a product whose value is derived from the value of one
or more basic variables, called underlying. The underlying asset can
be equity, index, foreign exchange (forex), commodity or any other
asset. Derivative products initially emerged as hedging devices against
fluctuations in commodity prices and commodity-linked derivatives
remained the sole form of such products for almost three hundred
years. The fi nancial derivatives came into spotlight in post-1970
period due to growing instability in the financial markets. However,
since their emergence, these products have become very popular and
by 1990s, they accounted for about two-thirds of total transactions in
derivative products.
What is a Mutual Fund?
A Mutual Fund is a body corporate registered with SEBI (Securities
Exchange Board of India) that pools money from individuals/
corporate investors and invests the same in a variety of different
financial instruments or securities such as equity shares, Government
securities, Bonds, debentures etc. Mutual funds can thus be considered
as fi ancial intermediaries in the investment business that collect
funds from the public and invest on behalf of the investors. Mutual
funds issue units to the investors. The appreciation of the portfolio
or securities in which the mutual fund has invested the money leads
to an appreciation in the value of the units held by investors. The
investment objectives outlined by a Mutual Fund in its prospectus
are binding on the Mutual Fund scheme. The investment objectives
specify the class of securities a Mutual Fund can invest in. Mutual
Funds invest in various asset classes like equity, bonds, debentures,
commercial paper and government securities. The schemes offered by
mutual funds vary from fund to fund. Some are pure equity schemes;
others are a mix of equity and bonds. Investors are also given the
option of getting dividends, which are declared periodically by the
mutual fund, or to participate only in the capital appreciation of the
scheme.
What is an Index ?
An Index shows how a specifi ed portfolio of share prices are moving
in order to give an indication of market trends. It is a basket of
securities and the average price movement of the basket of securities
indicates the index movement, whether upwards or downwards.
What is a Depository?
A depository is like a bank wherein the deposits are securities (viz.
shares, debentures, bonds, government securities, units etc.) in
electronic form.
What is Dematerialization ?
Dematerialization is the process by which physical certifi cates
of an investor are converted to an equivalent number of securities
in electronic form and credited to the investor’s account with his
Depository Participant (DP).
What is the function of Securities Market?
Securities Markets is a place where buyers and sellers of securities
can enter into transactions to purchase and sell shares, bonds,
debentures etc. Further, it performs an important role of enabling
corporates, entrepreneurs to raise resources for their companies and
business ventures through public issues. Transfer of resources from
those having idle resources (investors) to others who have a need for
them (corporates) is most efficiently achieved through the securities
market. Stated formally, securities markets provide channels for
reallocation of savings to investments and entrepreneurship. Savings
are linked to investments by a variety of intermediaries, through a
range of financial products, called ‘Securities’.
Which are the securities one can invest in?
- Shares
- Government Securities
- Derivative products Units of Mutual Funds etc., are some of the securities investors in the securities market can invest in.
The primary market provides the channel for sale of new securities.
Primary market provides opportunity to issuers of securities;
Government as well as corporates, to raise resources to meet their
requirements of investment and/or discharge some obligation. They
may issue the securities at face value, or at a discount/premium and
these securities may take a variety of forms such as equity, debt etc.
They may issue the securities in domestic market and/or international
market.
Why do companies need to issue shares to the public?
Most companies are usually started privately by their promoter(s).
However, the promoters’ capital and the borrowings from banks and
financial institutions may not be sufficient for setting up or running the
business over a long term. So companies invite the public to contribute
towards the equity and issue shares to individual investors. The way
to invite share capital from the public is through a ‘Public Issue’.
Simply stated, a public issue is an offer to the public to subscribe to
the share capital of a company. Once this is done, the company allots
shares to the applicants as per the prescribed rules and regulations
laid down by SEBI.
What is meant by Market Capitalisation?
The market value of a quoted company, which is calculated by
multiplying its current share price (market price) by the number of
shares in issue is called as market capitalization. E.g. Company A has
120 million shares in issue. The current market price is Rs. 100. The
market capitalisation of company A is Rs. 12000 million.
What is an Initial Public Offer (IPO)?
An Initial Public Offer (IPO) is the selling of securities to the public
in the primary market. It is when an unlisted company makes either
a fresh issue of securities or an offer for sale of its existing securities
or both for the fi rst time to the public. This paves way for listing and
trading of the issuer’s securities. The sale of securities can be either
through book building or through normal public issue.
What is a Prospectus ?
A large number of new companies float public issues. While a large
number of these companies are genuine, quite a few may want to
exploit the investors. Therefore, it is very important that an investor
before applying for any issue identifies future potential of a company.
A part of the guidelines issued by SEBI (Securities and Exchange
Board of India) is the disclosure of 23 information to the public.
This disclosure includes information like the reason for raising the
money, the way money is proposed to be spent, the return expected
on the money etc. This information is in the form of ‘Prospectus’
which also includes information regarding the size of the issue, the
current status of the company, its equity capital, its current and past
performance, the promoters, the project, cost of the project, means of
financing, product and capacity etc. It also contains lot of mandatory
information regarding underwriting and statutory compliances. This
helps investors to evaluate short term and long term prospects of the
company.
What is meant by Secondary market?
Secondary market refers to a market where securities are traded after
being initially offered to the public in the primary market and/or
listed on the Stock Exchange. Majority of the trading is done in the
secondary market. Secondary market comprises of equity markets
and the debt markets.
What is a Contract Note?
Contract Note is a confirmation of trades done on a particular day
on behalf of the client by a trading member. It imposes a legally
enforceable relationship between the client and the trading member
with respect to purchase/sale and settlement of trades. It also helps to
settle disputes/claims between the investor and the trading member. It
is a prerequisite for fi ling a complaint or arbitration proceeding against
the trading member in case of a dispute. A valid contract note should
be in the prescribed form, contain the details of trades, stamped with
requisite value and duly signed by the authorized signatory. Contract
notes are kept in duplicate, the trading member and the client should
keep one copy each. After verifying the details contained therein,
the client keeps one copy and returns the second copy to the trading
member duly acknowledged by him.
What precautions must one take before investing in the stock
markets?
Here are some useful pointers to bear in mind before you invest in the
markets:
- Make sure your broker is registered with SEBI and the exchanges and do not deal with unregistered intermediaries.
- Ensure that you receive contract notes for all your transactions from your broker within one working day of execution of the trades.
- All investments carry risk of some kind. Investors should always know the risk that they are taking and invest in a manner that matches their risk tolerance.
- Do not be misled by market rumours, luring advertisement or ‘hot tips’ of the day.
- Take informed decisions by studying the fundamentals of the company. Find out the business the company is into, its future prospects, quality of management, past track record etc Sources of knowing about a company are through annual reports, economic magazines, databases available with vendors or your financial advisor.
- If your financial advisor or broker advises you to invest in a company you have never heard of, be cautious. Spend some time checking out about the company before investing.
- Do not be attracted by announcements of fantastic results/news reports, about a company. Do your own research before investing in any stock.
- Do not be attracted to stocks based on what an internet website promotes, unless you have done adequate study of the company.
- Investing in very low priced stocks or what are known as penny stocks does not guarantee high returns.
- Be cautious about stocks which show a sudden spurt in price or trading activity.
- Any advise or tip that claims that there are huge returns expected, especially for acting quickly, may be risky and may to lead to losing some, most, or all of your money.
What Do’s and Don’ts should an investor bear in mind when
investing in the stock markets?
- Ensure that the intermediary (broker/sub-broker) has a valid SEBI registration certifi cate.
- Enter into an agreement with your broker/sub-broker setting out terms and conditions clearly.
- Ensure that you give all your details in the ‘Know Your Client’ form.
- Ensure that you read carefully and understand the contents of the ‘Risk Disclosure Document’ and then acknowledge it.
- Insist on a contract note issued by your broker only, for tradesdone each day.
- Ensure that you receive the contract note from your broker within 24 hours of the transaction.
- Ensure that the contract note contains details such as the broker’s name, trade time and number, transaction price, brokerage, service tax, securities transaction tax etc. and is signed by the Authorised Signatory of the broker.
- To cross check genuineness of the transactions, log in to the NSE website (www.nseindia.com) and go to the trade verifi cation facility extended by NSE at www.nseindia.com/content/equities/ eqtrdverify.htm.
- Issue account payee cheques/demand drafts in the name of your broker only, as it appears on the contract note/SEBI registration certificate of the broker.
- While delivering shares to your broker to meet your obligations, ensure that the delivery instructions are made only to the designated account of your broker only.
- Insist on periodical statement of accounts of funds and securities from your broker. Cross check and reconcile your accounts promptly and in case of any discrepancies bring it to the attention of your broker immediately.
- Please ensure that you receive payments/deliveries from your broker, for the transactions entered by you, within one working day of the payout date.
- Ensure that you do not undertake deals on behalf of others or trade
- on your own name and then issue cheques from a family members’/ friends’ bank accounts.
- Similarly, the Demat delivery instruction slip should be from your own Demat account, not from any other family members’/friends’accounts.
- Do not sign blank delivery instruction slip(s) while meeting security payin obligation.
- No intermediary in the market can accept deposit assuring fixed returns. Hence do not give your money as deposit against assurances of returns.
- ‘Portfolio Management Services’ could be offered only by intermediaries having specific approval of SEBI for PMS. Hence, do not part your funds to unauthorized persons for Portfolio Management.
- Delivery Instruction Slip is a very valuable document. Do not leave signed blank delivery instruction slip with anyone. While meeting pay in obligation make sure that correct ID of authorised intermediary is fi lled in the Delivery Instruction Form.
- Be cautious while taking funding form authorised intermediaries as these transactions are not covered under Settlement Guarantee mechanisms of the exchange.
- Insist on execution of all orders under unique client code allotted to you.
- Do not accept trades executed under some other client code to your account.
- When you are authorising someone through ‘Power of Attorney’ for operation of your DP account, make sure that: your authorization is in favour of registered intermediary only. authorisation is only for limited purpose of debits and credits arising out of valid transactions executed through that intermediary only. you verify DP statement periodically say every month/fortnight to ensure that no unauthorised transactions have taken place in your account. authorization given by you has been properly used for the purpose for which authorization has been given. in case you fi nd wrong entries please report in writing to the authorized intermediary.
- Don’t accept unsigned/duplicate contract note.
- Don’t accept contract note signed by any unauthorised person.
- Don’t delay payment/deliveries of securities to broker.
- In the event of any discrepancies/disputes, please bring them to the notice of the broker immediately in writing (acknowledged by the broker) and ensure their prompt rectifi cation.
- In case of sub-broker disputes, inform the main broker in writing about the dispute at the earliest and in any case not later than 6 months.If your broker/sub-broker does not resolve your complaints within a reasonable period (say within 15 days), please bring it to the attention of the ‘Investor Grievances Cell’ of the NSE.
- While lodging a complaint with the ‘Investor Grievances Cell’ of the NSE, it is very important that you submit copies of all relevant documents like contract notes, proof of payments delivery of shares etc. alongwith the complaint. Remember, in the absence of suffi cient documents, resolution of complaints becomes difficult.
- Familiarise yourself with the rules, regulations and circulars issued by stock exchanges/SEBI before carrying out any transaction.
- For more information on Basics of Financial Markets, please refer to the NCFM module :
- Financial Markets : A Beginners’ Module. Details are available on the website-www.nseindia.com under the link ‘NCFM’.
Disclaimer
The information contained herein is subject to change without
prior notice. While every effort is made to ensure the accuracy and
completeness of information contained, the Exchange makes no
guarantee and assumes no liability for any errors or omissions of
the information. No one can use the information as the basis for any
claim, demand or cause of action.
Please refer to relevant regulations and circulars in case of specific cases and problems.
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NATIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE OF INDIA LIMITED
“Exchange Plaza”, Bandra Kurla Complex,
Bandra (East), Mumbai 400051, INDIA.
Tel.: +91 22 2659 8100 / 66418100 Fax: +91 22 2659 8120
Website: www.nseindia.com • email: cc_nse@nse.co.in
February, 2008
